/* Vector — public site. Tokens are overridden at runtime from data/settings.json
   so the Appearance Control Centre can restyle the site without a code change. */

:root {
  --paper: #FCFCFA;
  --ink: #13212E;
  --muted: #5A6670;
  --rule: #D9D6CE;
  --accent: #1F6F5C;
  --sponsor: #8A6A1F;
  --surface: #F4F3EF;

  --serif: Charter, "Iowan Old Style", "Source Serif 4", "Palatino Linotype", Georgia, serif;
  --sans: system-ui, -apple-system, "Segoe UI", Roboto, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;

  --measure: 66ch;
  --gap: 1.5rem;
  --shell: 1180px;
}

[data-theme="dark"] {
  --paper: #10161B;
  --ink: #E8E6E0;
  --muted: #9AA5AE;
  --rule: #2A343C;
  --accent: #5FC0A6;
  --surface: #161E25;
}

[data-theme="sepia"] {
  --paper: #F6EEE0;
  --ink: #3A2E22;
  --muted: #6E5C48;
  --rule: #DFD0B8;
  --accent: #1F6F5C;
  --surface: #EFE4D2;
}

*, *::before, *::after { box-sizing: border-box; }

html { -webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%; }

body {
  margin: 0;
  background: var(--paper);
  color: var(--ink);
  font-family: var(--serif);
  font-size: 1.0625rem;
  line-height: 1.6;
}

img { max-width: 100%; height: auto; display: block; }

a { color: inherit; text-decoration: none; }
a:hover { text-decoration: underline; text-underline-offset: 3px; }

:focus-visible {
  outline: 2px solid var(--accent);
  outline-offset: 2px;
}

.shell { max-width: var(--shell); margin: 0 auto; padding: 0 1.25rem; }
.skip { position: absolute; left: -999px; }
.skip:focus { left: 1rem; top: 1rem; background: var(--paper); padding: .5rem .75rem; z-index: 50; }

/* ---------- masthead ---------- */

.masthead { border-bottom: 1px solid var(--rule); }
.masthead__top {
  display: flex; align-items: baseline; justify-content: space-between;
  gap: 1rem; padding: 1.25rem 0 .9rem;
}
.wordmark { font-size: 1.75rem; letter-spacing: -.02em; font-weight: 700; }
.wordmark span { color: var(--accent); }
.wordmark__logo { height: 38px; width: auto; display: block; }
@media (max-width: 560px) { .wordmark__logo { height: 30px; } }
.tagline { font-family: var(--sans); font-size: .8125rem; color: var(--muted); }

.nav { border-top: 1px solid var(--rule); }
.nav ul { display: flex; flex-wrap: wrap; gap: 1.4rem; list-style: none; margin: 0; padding: .6rem 0; }
.nav a {
  font-family: var(--sans); font-size: .9375rem; padding: .2rem 0;
  border-bottom: 2px solid transparent;
}
.nav a:hover { text-decoration: none; border-bottom-color: var(--accent); }
.nav li.sub a { color: var(--muted); font-size: .875rem; }

.utility { display: flex; gap: .75rem; align-items: center; font-family: var(--sans); font-size: .875rem; }
.btn {
  font-family: var(--sans); font-size: .875rem; border: 1px solid var(--rule);
  background: transparent; color: var(--ink); padding: .35rem .7rem; border-radius: 2px; cursor: pointer;
}
.btn:hover { border-color: var(--accent); }
.btn--solid { background: var(--accent); border-color: var(--accent); color: #fff; }

/* ---------- section headings: a measurement tick, not an eyebrow ---------- */

.section { padding: 2.5rem 0; border-top: 1px solid var(--rule); }
.section__head { display: flex; align-items: baseline; gap: .75rem; margin: 0 0 1.25rem; }
.section__head h2 {
  font-size: 1.25rem; margin: 0; font-weight: 600; letter-spacing: -.01em;
}
.section__head h2::before {
  content: ""; display: inline-block; width: 3px; height: .85em;
  background: var(--accent); margin-right: .55rem; vertical-align: -.05em;
}

/* ---------- lead ---------- */

.lead { padding: 2.25rem 0 2.5rem; }
.lead h1 {
  font-size: clamp(2rem, 6vw, 3.25rem); line-height: 1.08; letter-spacing: -.025em;
  margin: 0 0 .75rem; max-width: 20ch; font-weight: 700;
}
.lead .standfirst { font-size: 1.25rem; color: var(--muted); max-width: 52ch; margin: 0 0 1rem; }

.meta { font-family: var(--sans); font-size: .8125rem; color: var(--muted); }
.meta .by { color: var(--ink); }
.meta span + span { margin-left: 1rem; }

/* ---------- article lists ---------- */

.rows { display: grid; gap: 0; }
.rows .card { border-top: 1px solid var(--rule); padding: 1.15rem 0; }
.rows .card:first-child { border-top: 0; padding-top: 0; }

.grid { display: grid; gap: 1.5rem; grid-template-columns: repeat(auto-fit, minmax(230px, 1fr)); }
.grid .card { border-top: 2px solid var(--ink); padding-top: .85rem; }

.card h3 { margin: 0 0 .35rem; font-size: 1.15rem; line-height: 1.25; font-weight: 600; letter-spacing: -.012em; }
.card p { margin: 0 0 .5rem; color: var(--muted); font-size: .9375rem; }
.card .kicker { font-family: var(--sans); font-size: .78125rem; color: var(--accent); display: block; margin-bottom: .3rem; }

.level { font-family: var(--sans); font-size: .75rem; border: 1px solid var(--rule); padding: .05rem .35rem; border-radius: 2px; color: var(--muted); }

/* ---------- ads: collapse to nothing when unfilled ---------- */

.adslot { display: none; }
.adslot.is-filled { display: block; margin: 2rem 0; padding: 1rem 0; border-top: 1px solid var(--rule); border-bottom: 1px solid var(--rule); }
.adslot__label { font-family: var(--sans); font-size: .6875rem; color: var(--sponsor); letter-spacing: .04em; margin-bottom: .5rem; }

/* ---------- article page ---------- */

.progress { position: fixed; top: 0; left: 0; height: 2px; background: var(--accent); width: 0; z-index: 40; }

.article { display: grid; grid-template-columns: minmax(0, 1fr); gap: 2.5rem; padding: 2rem 0 3rem; }
@media (min-width: 960px) {
  .article { grid-template-columns: 200px minmax(0, 1fr); }
  .article__aside { position: sticky; top: 1.5rem; align-self: start; }
}

.article__head h1 { font-size: clamp(1.9rem, 4.5vw, 2.75rem); line-height: 1.12; letter-spacing: -.022em; margin: .4rem 0 .6rem; }
.article__head .standfirst { font-size: 1.2rem; color: var(--muted); margin: 0 0 1rem; max-width: 54ch; }

.article__body { max-width: var(--measure); font-size: var(--reader-size, 1.0625rem); line-height: var(--reader-leading, 1.7); }
.article__body h2 { font-size: 1.35rem; margin: 2.2rem 0 .6rem; letter-spacing: -.012em; }
.article__body p { margin: 0 0 1.15rem; }
.article__body figure { margin: 1.75rem 0; }
.article__body figcaption { font-family: var(--sans); font-size: .8125rem; color: var(--muted); margin-top: .5rem; border-left: 2px solid var(--rule); padding-left: .7rem; }
.article__body .figph { background: var(--surface); border: 1px solid var(--rule); aspect-ratio: 16/9; }
.article__body ol.refs { font-family: var(--sans); font-size: .875rem; color: var(--muted); padding-left: 1.2rem; }
.article__body ol.refs li { margin-bottom: .5rem; }

.toc { font-family: var(--sans); font-size: .875rem; }
.toc ul { list-style: none; margin: .5rem 0 0; padding: 0; }
.toc li { margin: 0 0 .45rem; }
.toc a { color: var(--muted); border-left: 2px solid var(--rule); padding-left: .6rem; display: block; }
.toc a.is-active { color: var(--ink); border-left-color: var(--accent); }

/* ---------- social links in the footer ---------- */

.social { list-style: none; display: flex; flex-wrap: wrap; gap: 1.1rem; padding: 0; margin: 0 0 1.25rem; }
.social a { font-family: var(--sans); font-size: .875rem; color: var(--ink); border-bottom: 1px solid var(--rule); padding-bottom: 1px; }
.social a:hover { text-decoration: none; border-bottom-color: var(--accent); color: var(--accent); }
.social__title { font-family: var(--sans); font-size: .78125rem; font-weight: 600; color: var(--muted); margin: 0 0 .5rem; letter-spacing: .02em; }
@media (pointer: coarse) { .social a { min-height: 44px; display: inline-flex; align-items: center; } }

/* ---------- search ---------- */

.searchbar { display: flex; gap: .5rem; margin: 1.5rem 0; }
.searchbar input {
  flex: 1; font: inherit; font-family: var(--sans); padding: .6rem .75rem;
  border: 1px solid var(--rule); background: var(--paper); color: var(--ink); border-radius: 2px;
}

.empty { color: var(--muted); font-family: var(--sans); font-size: .9375rem; }

/* ---------- newsletter ---------- */

.newsletter { background: var(--surface); padding: 1.75rem; }
.newsletter h2 { margin: 0 0 .4rem; font-size: 1.3rem; }
.newsletter p { margin: 0 0 1rem; color: var(--muted); max-width: 48ch; }
.newsletter form { display: flex; gap: .5rem; flex-wrap: wrap; }
.newsletter input { font: inherit; font-family: var(--sans); padding: .55rem .7rem; border: 1px solid var(--rule); background: var(--paper); color: var(--ink); border-radius: 2px; min-width: 240px; }

/* ---------- footer ---------- */

.footer { border-top: 1px solid var(--rule); margin-top: 3rem; padding: 2rem 0 3rem; font-family: var(--sans); font-size: .875rem; color: var(--muted); }
.footer ul { list-style: none; display: flex; flex-wrap: wrap; gap: 1.25rem; padding: 0; margin: 0 0 1rem; }

/* ---------- states ---------- */

.notice { font-family: var(--sans); font-size: .9375rem; border-left: 3px solid var(--accent); padding: .75rem 1rem; background: var(--surface); }
.error-page { padding: 4rem 0; max-width: 46ch; }
.error-page h1 { font-size: 2rem; letter-spacing: -.02em; margin: 0 0 .5rem; }

@media (prefers-reduced-motion: reduce) {
  * { animation: none !important; transition: none !important; scroll-behavior: auto !important; }
}

@media print {
  .masthead, .nav, .footer, .adslot, .article__aside, .progress, .utility { display: none !important; }
  body { font-size: 11pt; color: #000; background: #fff; }
  .article__body { max-width: none; }
}

/* ============================================================
   Devices
   ============================================================
   Written after testing what the layout actually does at the sizes
   people read on, rather than at the size it was designed on.

   Three principles:
     · the page uses the width it is given, with gutters that shrink
       on a phone and a ceiling that rises on a large screen;
     · nothing ever scrolls sideways — a table or a long URL scrolls
       inside its own box, not by dragging the whole page;
     · anything you tap is big enough to tap. */

/* The shell takes the screen it is on. On a phone the gutters shrink
   to 16px; on a large monitor the ceiling rises rather than leaving
   the content marooned in the middle. The article body keeps its own
   reading measure — a 40em line of prose is not an improvement. */
.shell {
  width: 100%;
  max-width: var(--shell);
  margin: 0 auto;
  padding: 0 clamp(1rem, 3.2vw, 2rem);
  /* Notched phones in landscape: keep text out from under the cutout. */
  padding-left: max(clamp(1rem, 3.2vw, 2rem), env(safe-area-inset-left));
  padding-right: max(clamp(1rem, 3.2vw, 2rem), env(safe-area-inset-right));
}

@media (min-width: 1500px) { :root { --shell: 1360px; } }
@media (min-width: 1800px) { :root { --shell: 1560px; } }

/* Long words, URLs and chemical names must not widen the page. */
body, .article__body, .card, .toc { overflow-wrap: anywhere; }
.article__body a { word-break: break-word; }

/* A wide table scrolls inside itself. Dragging the whole page sideways
   to read a column is how a phone layout is lost. */
.article__body table,
.article__body .scroller { display: block; width: 100%; overflow-x: auto; -webkit-overflow-scrolling: touch; }
.article__body table { border-collapse: collapse; }
.article__body th, .article__body td { padding: .4rem .6rem; border-bottom: 1px solid var(--rule); white-space: nowrap; }

/* The section strip scrolls rather than stacking into four lines and
   pushing the first headline below the fold. */
@media (max-width: 720px) {
  .nav ul {
    flex-wrap: nowrap;
    overflow-x: auto;
    -webkit-overflow-scrolling: touch;
    scrollbar-width: none;
    gap: 1.1rem;
  }
  .nav ul::-webkit-scrollbar { display: none; }
  .nav a { white-space: nowrap; }
  .masthead__top { padding: .9rem 0 .7rem; }
  .lead { padding: 1.5rem 0 1.75rem; }
  .section { padding: 1.75rem 0; }
  .grid { gap: 1.25rem; }
}

/* Room for a thumb. 44px is the smallest target that is comfortable
   on a phone, and it costs nothing on a desktop because this only
   applies where the pointer is a finger. */
@media (pointer: coarse) {
  .btn, button, .nav a, .footer a, .utility a {
    min-height: 44px;
    display: inline-flex;
    align-items: center;
  }
  .searchbar input, .newsletter input {
    min-height: 44px;
    font-size: 16px;          /* under 16px, iOS zooms the page on focus */
  }
}

/* Very small phones: keep the lead headline from swallowing the screen. */
@media (max-width: 380px) {
  .lead h1 { font-size: 1.9rem; }
  .article__head h1 { font-size: 1.7rem; }
  .card h3 { font-size: 1.05rem; }
}

/* Landscape on a short screen — a phone turned sideways — should not
   spend half its height on the masthead. */
@media (max-height: 480px) and (orientation: landscape) {
  .masthead__top { padding: .6rem 0 .4rem; }
  .lead { padding: 1rem 0 1.25rem; }
}

/* Installed as an app: fill the screen, including behind the notch. */
@media (display-mode: standalone) {
  body { padding-bottom: env(safe-area-inset-bottom); }
  .masthead { padding-top: env(safe-area-inset-top); }
}

/* An advertisement that arrives after the text has been read for a second
   must not shove the paragraph the reader is on. The slot claims its height
   only once it is filled — an empty slot still collapses to nothing. */
.adslot.is-filled { min-height: 120px; }
.adslot.is-filled ins.adsbygoogle { display: block; width: 100%; }
@media (min-width: 900px) { .adslot.is-filled { min-height: 180px; } }

/* ============================================================
   Side rails
   ============================================================
   An advertisement column either side of the page on a wide screen —
   Google's or one you sold yourself, the chain decides per rail, so
   the two can show different things at the same time.

   Two rules make this safe rather than annoying:

     · a rail that has nothing to show takes no space at all. The
       three-column layout only exists once JavaScript confirms a rail
       filled, so an unsold site is not a page with two grey columns.
     · below 1200px there are no rails. Not shrunk, not stacked at the
       bottom — absent. A phone has no room for a column beside the
       text, and pretending otherwise is what makes sites scroll
       sideways. Phones get the inline slots instead. */

.frame { display: block; }
.frame__rail { display: none; }

@media (min-width: 1200px) {
  .frame.has-rails {
    display: grid;
    grid-template-columns: 170px minmax(0, var(--shell)) 170px;
    justify-content: center;
    gap: clamp(1rem, 2vw, 2.5rem);
    align-items: start;
  }
  .frame.has-rails .frame__rail { display: block; }
  .frame.has-rails > .shell { padding-left: 0; padding-right: 0; }

  .frame__rail .adslot.is-filled {
    position: sticky;
    top: 1.5rem;
    margin: 0;
    padding: 0;
    border: 0;
    min-height: 0;
  }
  .frame__rail img { width: 100%; height: auto; }
  .frame__rail .adslot__label { margin-bottom: .4rem; }
}

/* A wider screen can afford the 300px units advertisers actually sell. */
@media (min-width: 1600px) {
  .frame.has-rails { grid-template-columns: 300px minmax(0, var(--shell)) 300px; }
}

/* Only one rail sold? Keep the text centred rather than shunting the
   whole page sideways to balance an advertisement. */
@media (min-width: 1200px) {
  .frame.has-rails.rail-left-only { grid-template-columns: 170px minmax(0, var(--shell)) 170px; }
  .frame.has-rails.rail-right-only { grid-template-columns: 170px minmax(0, var(--shell)) 170px; }
}

/* ============================================================
   Type that scales with the screen
   ============================================================
   Body text grows a little between a phone and a large monitor, so a
   desktop reader is not looking at phone-sized text from further away.
   Clamped at both ends: it never gets smaller than comfortable on a
   phone, and never larger than sensible on a television. */
body {
  font-size: clamp(1rem, 0.97rem + 0.18vw, 1.125rem);
}
.article__body {
  font-size: var(--reader-size, clamp(1.0625rem, 1rem + 0.25vw, 1.1875rem));
}

/* ============================================================
   The front page
   ============================================================
   Three changes, all about restraint. A section heading now leads
   somewhere rather than labelling a list. The lead story gets room
   and a section above it, so a reader knows what they have landed
   in before they read a word. And the rest is quieter: fewer rules,
   more space, one weight of emphasis per card. */

.lead {
  padding: 2.5rem 0 2.75rem;
  border-bottom: 1px solid var(--rule);
  margin-bottom: .5rem;
}
.lead .kicker {
  display: inline-block; font-family: var(--sans); font-size: .78125rem;
  color: var(--accent); margin-bottom: .6rem; letter-spacing: .01em;
}
.lead .kicker:hover { text-decoration: none; border-bottom: 1px solid var(--accent); }
.lead h1 { max-width: 18ch; }
.lead h1 a:hover { text-decoration: none; color: var(--accent); }
.lead .standfirst { font-size: 1.1875rem; max-width: 58ch; margin-bottom: 1.1rem; }

.section__head {
  display: flex; align-items: baseline; justify-content: space-between;
  gap: 1rem; margin: 0 0 1.35rem;
}
.section__more {
  font-family: var(--sans); font-size: .8125rem; color: var(--accent);
  white-space: nowrap; border-bottom: 1px solid transparent;
}
.section__more:hover { text-decoration: none; border-bottom-color: var(--accent); }

/* Cards: one emphasis each, and a whole card that responds to the pointer. */
.rows .card { padding: 1.35rem 0; transition: none; }
.card h3 a:hover { text-decoration: none; color: var(--accent); }
.card p { max-width: 62ch; }
.grid .card { border-top-width: 1px; border-top-color: var(--ink); padding-top: .95rem; }

/* The search link reads as an action rather than another menu item. */
.utility a {
  font-family: var(--sans); font-size: .8125rem; border: 1px solid var(--rule);
  border-radius: 999px; padding: .3rem .8rem; color: var(--muted);
}
.utility a:hover { text-decoration: none; border-color: var(--accent); color: var(--accent); }

@media (max-width: 720px) {
  .lead { padding: 1.75rem 0 2rem; }
  .lead h1 { max-width: none; }
  .lead .standfirst { font-size: 1.0625rem; }
  .section { padding: 1.9rem 0; }
}

/* ============================================================
   News-page vocabulary
   ============================================================
   The patterns a reader recognises from a newspaper front page, built
   natively: a section badge over each headline, a lead block with the
   next stories beside it, module grids, a byline strip, and a masthead
   that stays put while you scroll.

   Written from the shapes rather than from anyone's stylesheet, so it
   costs about two kilobytes rather than a megabyte of theme. */

/* ---------- the section badge ---------- */

.badge {
  display: inline-block;
  font-family: var(--sans);
  font-size: .6875rem;
  font-weight: 600;
  letter-spacing: .06em;
  text-transform: uppercase;
  color: var(--accent);
  background: color-mix(in srgb, var(--accent) 10%, transparent);
  padding: .2rem .45rem;
  border-radius: 2px;
  margin-bottom: .5rem;
}
a.badge:hover { text-decoration: none; background: var(--accent); color: var(--paper); }
@supports not (color: color-mix(in srgb, red 10%, white)) {
  .badge { background: transparent; border: 1px solid var(--rule); }
}

/* ---------- the byline strip ---------- */

.byline {
  font-family: var(--sans);
  font-size: .78125rem;
  color: var(--muted);
  display: flex;
  flex-wrap: wrap;
  align-items: baseline;
  gap: .5rem;
  margin-top: .45rem;
}
.byline span + span::before {
  content: "";
  display: inline-block;
  width: 3px; height: 3px;
  border-radius: 50%;
  background: var(--rule-strong, var(--rule));
  margin-right: .5rem;
  vertical-align: middle;
}
.byline__by { color: var(--ink); font-weight: 600; }
.byline__flag { color: var(--sponsor); font-weight: 600; }

/* ---------- the lead block ---------- */

.leadblock { padding: 2.25rem 0 2.5rem; border-bottom: 1px solid var(--rule); }
.leadblock .lead { padding: 0; border-bottom: 0; margin-bottom: 0; }

@media (min-width: 900px) {
  .leadblock {
    display: grid;
    grid-template-columns: minmax(0, 1.9fr) minmax(0, 1fr);
    gap: clamp(1.75rem, 4vw, 3rem);
    align-items: start;
  }
  .leadblock__side {
    border-left: 1px solid var(--rule);
    padding-left: clamp(1.25rem, 2.5vw, 2rem);
  }
}

.leadblock__sidehead {
  font-family: var(--sans);
  font-size: .6875rem;
  font-weight: 600;
  letter-spacing: .08em;
  text-transform: uppercase;
  color: var(--faint, var(--muted));
  padding-bottom: .6rem;
  border-bottom: 2px solid var(--ink);
  margin-bottom: .35rem;
}

/* ---------- card shapes ---------- */

.card--compact { border-top: 1px solid var(--rule); padding: .85rem 0; }
.card--compact:first-of-type { border-top: 0; }
.card--compact h3 { font-size: 1rem; line-height: 1.3; margin-bottom: .2rem; }
.card--compact .badge { display: none; }          /* the column has its own head */
.card--compact .byline { margin-top: .25rem; font-size: .75rem; }

.card--grid h3 { font-size: 1.0625rem; }

/* ---------- section block titles ---------- */

.section__head h2 {
  display: flex;
  align-items: center;
  gap: .55rem;
}
.section__head h2::before {
  content: "";
  width: 3px;
  height: 1.05em;
  background: var(--accent);
  border-radius: 1px;
}

/* ---------- a masthead that stays ---------- */

.nav {
  position: sticky;
  top: 0;
  z-index: 20;
  background: var(--paper);
  border-bottom: 1px solid var(--rule);
}
@supports (backdrop-filter: blur(6px)) {
  .nav { background: color-mix(in srgb, var(--paper) 90%, transparent); backdrop-filter: blur(8px); }
}
@media (display-mode: standalone) { .nav { top: env(safe-area-inset-top); } }